Who's Who Among the Early Himinins?

Early Hominins are known as "ape-men". Their skulls, teeth and limbs are similar to apes but they were bipeds, so that makes them human like. Sahelanthropus tchadesis was found in Chad in 2001 and it lived between 6 and 7 m.y.a.(million years ago). It had a small skull, which was roughly 300-400 cubic centimeters. They were closely related to apes rather than to humans. Ardipithecus means ground-ape. They date back to 4.4 m.y.a. They were found in Armis, Ethiopia in 1994. Kenyapithecus platyops was found in 2001 near Lake Turkana, Kenya and it dates back to about 3.5 m.y.a. but they are still unsure of the taxonomic identity because the skull was broken down into so many little pieces. Homo Habilis, the “handy man”, was found in Oduvai Gorge, Tasmanian but it doesn’t say from when they lived. Homo Habilis had a larger brain and narrower teeth than Astralopithicus or Paranthropus. The Homo Habilis is named the handy man because they were the first Hominins to make tools out of stone and use them properly, instead of all of the other Hominins. Other Hominins just used a rock for all of their needs. Homo Erectus known as “upright man” was a more advanced species of Hominins and fossils dates back to 1.8 m.y.a. One fossil was found, "The skeleton was thought to be one of a 12 year old boy who was 6 feet tall." (just like me). Imagine what the adults looked like. Fossils were found in Africa, Europe and Asia unlike the others and they showed signs of primitive dwelling, hunting and the use of fire and more advanced tools than Homo Habilis.

Susman, Randel. "Who's Who Among the early Hominins?" Odyssey: Adventures in science Oct. 2009: 22-25. Print.

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Why We Study Human Origins

The fossil record can help us to know how the early humans (primates) lived and adapted to their surroundings. Fossils are not only for seeing how our ancestors lived in the past, but they are also used for evidence of our ancestors. They also tell us about their physical features and behavior. In the past, people used religious teachings and myths to explain the beginning of humanity (human origins). By comparing our behavior from the past with animals we can learn more about our ancestors.

Charles Darwin was a scientist from the 1800s. He developed the theory of Evolution by observing plants and animals from his travels. Evolution is “ the process by which species of organisms arise from earlier life forms and undergo change over time through natural selection.” (Dictionary definition) Thomas Henry Huxley was a scientist just as Charles Darwin was and he proposed that apes and humans are anatomically more similar than apes are to monkeys. During Darwin’s and Huxley’s time, no human fossils were found yet, therefore they weren’t able to prove their theories were true. In 1925 Raymond Dart found the first hominid fossil in South Africa. From this evidence, many historians came up with theories about our ancestors. They thought, “They were tree-dwelling apes, or four-legged knuckle walkers, or even bipeds that lived in water.” (Randall Susman) To me, this theory was very interesting because it made the most sense out of all the other theories.

Some questions that I came up with reading this article were: People question WHY humans evolved, WHEN we evolved, WHERE did we originate?? WHY did some early humans (early hominids) not survive? WHAT makes us different than all other early humans? What is evolution? (definition)

Susman, Randall. "Why We Study Human Origins." Calliope:

Exploring World History. Sept. 1999: 4-5. Print.

The three theories

1. Astronomical Observatory:

One of the beliefs that people have is that Stonehenge was use for navigation in the sky called “Astronomical Observation” Astronomical basis to the Stonehenge, was first said by Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer, an English scientist and astronomer. However, persuasive evidence of astronomical association for the Stonehenge was given about half a century later by an American astronomer, Gerald Hawkins. He found 165 points on the monument that were linked with the solstices, equinoxes and the solar and lunar eclipse. Supporting his theory is the fact that, at the dawn of the summer solstice, the sun, the center of the Stonehenge ring and the two stones - the Slaughter and the Heel Stones are all in a line.

2. The Alien Hand

Geologists believe that the blue stones of the Stonehenge originated in the Preseli Hills of Wales about 137 miles away from the site of the Stonehenge. Given the huge size of the stones, moving them over 100 miles would be a task for Hercules. Many doubt if people living 5,000 years ago either had the technology or if they were able to have the brute muscle power required to transport the stones from the Welsh mountain range to Salisbury Valley, in England. This led to the origin of the theory, role of the aliens, in raising the Stonehenge.

3. A burial ground

Discovery of a large number of cremated remains in the Aubrey holes have led the present day archaeologists to believe that the Stonehenge was a ceremonial burial site, right since its earliest days. Some have dubbed it as the domain of the dead, while some have gone a step further to suggest that only the elite were buried at Stonehenge. We might keep proposing new theories and refute the existing ones till some conclusive evidence about the Stonehenge is found. However, till then, the huge stones stand quietly shrouding within its massive structure, answers the questions for which man has been trying hard to unearth for centuries.

Conclusion:

The reason I chose these 3 theories is because I thought they were out of the ordinary. I also think that they are believable. Some people may think I am crazy, but I am just in 7th grade, and I believe that there is a different life form some ware out in the universe that might have made Stonehenge and many other things that have happened over history.

10 Questions That I Think Have to do With This Unit!

1. What is archeology?

2. Why do we study it?

3. What do archeologists do for a living?

4. What are the basic steps an archeologist has to take when going to dig up a sight?

5. Why is archeology important for learning about history?

6. Why do archeologists dig up sights?

7. Why does archeology affect the Future?

8. Does archeology affect the future? Why?

9. Do archeologists know everything after 1 or 2 digs?

10. What are the most important steps in excavating a site?

Huge Gladiator School Found Buried in Austria "Important" find boasts amphitheater, was nearly as big as two Walmarts.

When they started excavating in Austria, they found the foundation. In the picture to the left, you can see the hole thing in tact, but this is just an electronic model that they made but in the original excavation, they only found the foundation, artifacts, swards, weapons, dummies(they used to use them to practice their fighting), and outside of the gates of the school they found roman graves. They are currently working on reconstructing the roman gladiator school.

How do Historians Learn about the Past?

Historians learn about the past by using artifacts, geographically written records, books, interviews, and oral tradition. Historians who study the history of science use all kinds of information to help them understand how modern science was developed. For example, historians might look at the notebook that Isaac Newton used when he was trying to understand how light traveled through a prism. Historians might also look at writings from ancient philosophers and the language people used to describe the natural world. They might also look at drawings people made about inventions people used or drawings about what ancient people thought about the stars. They might also look at what other historians have written in the past so that they can get an idea about how an invention or idea was viewed during that time. With all of these types of information, historians try to determine what happened and how the things we know today came about. Historians do more than just look at the events of the past. They try to understand what they mean. That is they try to interpret the past to better understand how the past affects the present and how it might impact the future. It is very important to have a solid understanding of how our history was shaped. Many times people forget history and when they run into the same problems earlier people encountered they often make the same mistakes. If we don’t remember our history, we can repeat the same mistakes without ever learning from our past. Sometime historians disagree about how to interpret the past. Just like scientists disagree about how to interpret data, historians disagree about how to interpret events. Just as in science, is always better to read several different interpretations of a historical event and not just one. It is helpful to view all of the various viewpoints and after you have studied them and come to your own conclusions about what you think it means.

In the past, were did humans tend to settle and why?

Today in Humanities we were assigned to write a blog post about "In the past, were did humans tend to settle and why?" Hear is why i think:

Early peoples tended to settle near water and open fields to grow their crops. They tended to settle near water because it provided them with water for there plants and for there family's. They tended to settle next to fields not only to grow crops but also to raise cattle and sheep and goats. I think that most of the people that migrated to these types of terrains are very smart but even tho back then they didn't have as much knowledge as we have today, they were still very intelligent. They also move/migrate because of climate change. For growing crops, they needed sunny and warm weather. If they were Eskimos, they would want to go to a much colder climates like Canada, the North pole and the South pole. If they migrated to a much hotter area, they wouldn't be able to use all of there tools and there sleds also because it would take them a long time to adapt to there new territory.

In the picture above, you can see the migration map from the early ages. Most of them, as you can see, are not off shore, because they didn't have boats that could travel that long. They mostly traveled by foot and when they did, not many people survived because of the ruff terrain.